Doses of sulfur at topdressing and organic compost supply at planting in the production, quality and content of macronutrients in lettuce seeds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate doses of sulfur applied at topdressing, with and without organic compost supply at planting, in the production, physiological quality and content of macronutrients in lettuce seeds. Ten treatments were evaluated in a 5x2 factorial scheme (five sulfur doses at topdressing x with and without application of organic compost at planting). The experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replicates. The sulfur doses applied at topdressing fertilization were 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 of S, in addition to the control treatment (dose zero). Regarding the treatments with organic compost, the dose of 70 t ha-1 of compost (wet basis) was supplied at planting. The following characteristics were evaluated: seed production (mass and number of seeds per plant), seed quality (mass of one thousand seeds, first count of the standard germination test, germination percentage, and germination speed index) and content of macronutrients and mineral accumulation. The organic compost supply at planting increased seed production by 43% compared to the treatment without the application of organic compost, while the doses of sulfur did not affect the production of lettuce seeds. The supply of organic compost increased the accumulation of a great part of the macronutrients, except for the accumulation of calcium. The lettuce seeds quality was not affected by both the main treatments, the sulfur doses at topdressing and the organic compost supply at planting. The descending order of nutrients accumulated in the lettuce seeds was nitrogen> potassium> phosphorus> magnesium> calcium> sulfur.

Maturation and Resting of Sweet Pepper Fruits on Physiological Quality and Biochemical Response of Seeds

Abstract The post-harvest resting of the fruits can improve seed physiological quality ,once it allows the seed to complete the maturation process, so it has been a common practice in vegetable seed companies, however, there are a few studies of this technique in sweet pepper. The objective of this research was to evaluate physiological quality, and biochemical response of sweet's peppers in regarding on the stage of maturation and the post-harvest rest of the fruits. The experimental was conducted in a 4x2 factorial, being the first factor comprised four maturation stages (35, 50, 65 and 80 days after anthesis) and, the second the post-harvest management of fruits, with and without a temporary storage of seven days. Seeds were evaluated for water content, weight of thousand seeds, germination, vigor, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content. Fruit harvest time indicated is 80 days after anthesis (fruits 100% yellow) when seeds showed maximum germination and vigor. The post-harvest resting of the fruits was beneficial to seed physiological quality, weight of one thousand seeds and to reduce hydrogen peroxide content. Seeds of higher physiological quality showed lower superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity, so they can be used as a marker of physiological quality in sweet pepper seeds.

Drying temperature affects rice seed vigor via gibberellin, abscisic acid, and antioxidant enzyme metabolism / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Seed vigor is a key factor affecting seed quality. The mechanical drying process exerts a significant influence on rice seed vigor. The initial moisture content (IMC) and drying temperature are considered the main factors affecting rice seed vigor through mechanical drying. This study aimed to determine the optimum drying temperature for rice seeds according to the IMC, and elucidate the mechanisms mediating the effects of drying temperature and IMC on seed vigor. Rice seeds with three different IMCs (20%, 25%, and 30%) were dried to the target moisture content (14%) at four different drying temperatures. The results showed that the drying temperature and IMC had significant effects on the drying performance and vigor of the rice seeds. The upper limits of drying temperature for rice seeds with 20%, 25%, and 30% IMCs were 45, 42, and 38 °C, respectively. The drying rate and seed temperature increased significantly with increasing drying temperature. The drying temperature, drying rate, and seed temperature showed extremely significant negative correlations with germination energy (GE), germination rate, germination index (GI), and vigor index (VI). A high IMC and drying temperature probably induced a massive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anions in the seeds, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content. In the early stage of seed germination, the IMC and drying temperature regulated seed germination through the metabolism of H2O2, gibberellin acid (GA), ABA, and α-amylase. These results indicate that the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, GA, ABA, and α-amylase might be involved in the mediation of the effects of drying temperature on seed vigor. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the mechanical drying of rice seeds.

Soybean (Glycine max L) seed quality treated with timbó (Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil) seed coat / Qualidade de sementes de soja (Glycine max L) tratadas com diasporo do tegumento de sementes de timbó (Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tegumento das sementes de timbó sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. As sementes de timbó foram coletadas de frutos maduros, no Cerrado. A camada mais externa do tegumento das sementes foi retirada e triturada em moinho e utilizada no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de soja, provenientes de sementes de alto, médio e baixo vigor. Os tratamentos foram: pó, gel, extrato hidroalcoólico; fungicida sintético (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc) e sementes não tratadas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja foi determinada pelo teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. Para a determinação da qualidade sanitária utilizou-se o teste de borrão (blotter test). O delineamento estatístico foi em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se três lotes de sementes e cinco tratamentos. Os tratamentos com o extrato e o gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja provenientes de lotes de baixo vigor. O tratamento com gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó diminuiu a incidência de fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Penicillium; e o tratamento com o pó reduziu a incidência do gênero Cercospora.(AU)

Development of Liquid Enhancer for Germination of Drought-stressed Oryza sativa subsp. indica Seed cv. MR284

Aim: This study was conducted to develop liquid enhancer containing KCl, TU, GA, and SA for germination of drought-stressed Oryza sativa subsp. indica cv. MR284 seed. Study Design: All experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Two steps were involved in the development process which are to select an ideal concentration for each KCl, TU, GA, and SA, and to find an ideal combination of chemicals from the selection of ideal concentrations acquired in step 1 to form liquid enhancer. There were 20 treatments for step 1 and 9 treatments for step 2. All of these treatments with 6 replicates. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, between June 2018 and December 2018. Methodology: The sterilized rice seed cv. MR284 was stressed in the -1.2 Mpa PEG 6000 solution for three days and germinated in the KCl, TU, GA, and SA solution in a series of concentration for 10 days, in a controlled room. Seed germination was observed daily. Results: In the first step, drought-stressed rice seed showed the best germination performance in the 30 mM of KCl, 2.0 mM of TU, 0.24 mM GA, and 0.5 mM SA. Meanwhile, in the second step, the drought-stressed rice seed showed the best germination performance in the combination of 30 mM KCl + 2.0 mM TU + 0.24 mM GA + 0.5 mM SA. The best germination performance was evaluated by the highest germination percentage (%), germination index, seed vigor, leaf length, root length and biomass. Conclusion: Therefore, the combination treatments of 30 mM KCl + 2.0 mM TU + 0.5 mM SA was found to be the most effective and simplest liquid enhancer formula that has an ability to enhance seed germination of drought-stressed rice cv. MR284 seed.

Effect of Thymol on Soybean Seeds Germination: Physiological and Biochemical Analysis

Abstract Higher levels of reactive species of oxygen are harmful to plant tissues. This study evaluated the action of different doses of thymol on soybean seed germination, biometric analysis and enzymatic parameters; both involved in germination process. High doses of thymol affected the plantlet growth, but not hampered the germination.

Condicionamento fisiológico de sementes de soja, componentes de produção e produtividade / Seed priming, yield components and yield of soybean

RESUMO: A cultura da soja apresenta importância comercial extremamente relevante para a economia brasileira. O condicionamento fisiológico é uma técnica que permite melhorar a qualidade das sementes, sobretudo daquelas de baixo vigor. O vigor é definido como a capacidade das sementes em apresentar desempenho adequado, quando expostas a diferentes condições ambientais. Sementes de alto vigor produzem plantas com maior velocidade de emergência e maiores níveis nos componentes de rendimento, desdobrando assim em uma maior produtividade de sementes no final do seu ciclo. O objetivo foi avaliar o comportamento agronômico em plantas, em condições de campo, oriundas de sementes de soja condicionadas sob diferentes potenciais osmóticos, em função dos níveis de vigor. Foram avaliados os componentes de produção e a produtividade da soja. O condicionamento fisiológico em sementes de médio vigor influencia positivamente nos componentes (emergência de plântulas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens/planta, número de sementes/planta, número de sementes/vagem) e na produtividade da cultivar 'M7211RR' de soja. Os diferentes níveis de vigor das sementes de soja ocasionam diferenças no número de vagens/planta.

ABSTRACT: The Soybean crop is extremely relevant to the Brazilian economy. Priming is a technique that allows improvement of seed quality, especially those of low vigor. Vigor is defined as the ability of the seed to perform adequately when exposed to different environmental conditions. High vigor seeds generate plants with higher emergency speed and superior yield components, favoring into a higher seed yield. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of soybean plants under field conditions originated from primed seeds with different level of vigor. Yield components and soybean yield were also evaluated. Seed priming in seed with medium vigor positively influences the components (seedling emergence, first pod height, number pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, number of seeds/pod) and favored productivity of soybean cultivar 'M7211RR'. Different levels of vigor of soybean seeds cause differences in the number of pods/plant.

Effect of moisture content on vigor of Cyathula officinalis seeds and its anti-aging mechanism analysis / 中国中药杂志

Effects of nine different moisture contents on vigor of Cyathula officinalis seeds and its anti-aging mechanism were studied by artificial accelerated aging through high temperature and wet. The research results showedthat seed vigor were generally decreased after artificial aging; in general, seed vigor and its anti-aging ability are relatively stronger within the scope of 6.55%-4.78% moisture content, the increase range of seed conductivity, peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content,and reduce amplitude of activityof dehydrogenase , superoxide dismutaseare alllower as well. And when the moisture content reduced to 5.77%, all of the germination tests index of the non-aged seeds are the highest, and the activity of peroxidase the lowest,conductivity of leaching solution relatively low, activity of dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase the highest,and catalase activityrelatively high.Therefore, in the low temperature germplasm preservation of C. officinalis seeds, the seed moisture content should be controlled close to the range of (5.70±1)% to keep higher vigor and anti-aging ability.

Physiological seeds quality: spatial distribution and variability among soybean plant population / Qualidade fisiológica de sementes: distribuição espacial e variablidade entre populações de plantas de soja

The study aimed to evaluate the influence of physiological seed quality on the spatial distribution of plants in the field, as well as the effect on variability among soybean plants. Six lots of soybean cultivar CD 202, with three vigor levels (high, medium and low) and two lots on each level were used. Lots of high physiological quality showed germination of 96% and lots considered of medium vigor showed 82% of germination and vigor between 60% and 67%, whereas lots of low vigor showed 70% germination and vigor between 55% and 58%. The test was conducted in plots formed by seven 5 m long rows with spacing of 0.45 m. The sowing was performed by opening furrows by hand with the equidistant distribution of seeds using marked rulers, corrected by the germination of each seed lot. Lots of seeds of higher vigor provide greater uniformity in the distribution of plants in the field. The reduction in seed physiological quality provides increased variability among plants within populations, throughout the entire developmental period of soybean, also affecting the seed yield per plant.

Germinação e crescimento de plântulas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. ) Morong em função da localização da semente no fruto e regimes de temperatura / Germination and seedling growth of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. ) Morong as a funtion of the seed location in the fruit and temperature regimes

O conhecimento dos aspectos que envolvem todo o mecanismo do processo de germinação de sementes em espécies florestais ainda se encontra muito aquém em comparação com as espécies cultivadas. Objetivou-se estudar a influência da localização da semente no fruto sobre a germinação e crescimento de plântulas de tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) sob dois regimes de temperatura. Foram separadas as sementes das regiões proximal, central e distal do fruto. As sementes de cada região foram submetidas aos testes de primeira contagem, porcentagem final e índice de velocidade de germinação, em dois regimes de temperatura (25 °C constante e 20­30 °C alternados), além do envelhecimento acerado. As plântulas provenientes desses testes foram analisadas pelas determinações do comprimento e massa seca da parte aérea, raiz e total. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, seguindo um esquema fatorial 3x2 (três regiões e duas temperaturas) com quatro repetições. Os dados com distribuição normal foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%); quando não normal utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney (5%). Houve interação dos fatores para o índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento total, massa seca total e massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas. Não se observou diferenças entre as localizações para as variáveis de avaliação das plântulas. Quanto à germinação, sob 25 °C as sementes da região distal do fruto germinaram mais rapidamente. Independente dos tratamentos a porcentagem de germinação foi sempre superior a 95%, mesmo quando envelhecidas. Conclui-se que não há diferença entre as temperaturas de 25 e 20-30 °C para a germinação de tamboril; que a localização das sementes no fruto não influencia na formação das plântulas; e que a velocidade de germinação e o crescimento das plântulas provenientes de sementes das regiões proximal e distal são mais sensíveis às mudanças de temperatura.

The knowledge of the aspects involving the entire mechanism of the process of seed germination in forest species is still far below in comparison with the cultivated species. It was aimed to study the influence of the seed location in the fruit in germination and seedling growth of "tamboril" (Enterolobium contorsiliquum (Vell.) Morong) under two temperature regimes. Were separated the seeds from the proximal, central and distal regions of the fruit. The seeds of each region were submitted to first count, final percentage and germination rate test, in two temperature regimes (25 °C constant and 20-30 °C alternate), beyond accelerated aging. The seedlings from these tests were analyzed by determination of the shoot, root and total length and dry weight. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, following the factorial scheme 3x2 (three locations and two temperatures) with four replication. The data with normal distribution were submitted to variance analysis and the averages compared by Tukey test (5%); when no normal was used Mann-Whitney test (5%). There was interaction of factors to germination rate, total length and shoot and total dry weight. Wasn't note differences between the locations to the variables of seedling evaluating. For germination, under 25 °C the distal seed of the fruit germinated faster. Independent treatments the germination percentage was always over 95%, even when aged. Concludes that don't exist difference between 25 and 20-30 °C to "tamboril" seed germination; that the seed location in the fruit doesn't influence in the seedling formation; and that the germination rate and the seedling growth from proximal and distal seeds are more sensitive to temperature change.

Emergência de plântulas de fava em função de posições e profundidades de semeadura / Emergence of lima bean seedlings as a function of position and depth of sowing

A fava, Phaseolus lunatus L., é cultivada em quase todo o território nacional, devido à sua importância econômica. No Nordeste do Brasil, tornou-se uma alternativa de renda e alimento para a população, pois seus grãos são consumidos maduros ou verdes. A pesquisa foi realizada em casa-de-vegetação, no Setor de Horticultura do Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, da Universidade Federal do Piauí, situado no município de Bom Jesus, Piauí, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da posição e da profundidade de semeadura na emergência e no vigor de sementes de P. lunatus L. O delineamento utilizado foi DIC, em esquema fatorial 3X5, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, onde os tratamentos foram 3 posições das sementes (HC, HB E HL) e 5 profundidades (1, 2, 3, 4, e 5 cm). Avaliaram-se a porcentagem de emergência, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas. As sementes de P. lunatus devem ser semeadas com o hilo voltado para cima (HC) na profundidade de 3,3 cm.

Phaseolus lunatus L., is cultivated in almost all the national territory, due to its economic importance. In Northeastern Brazil, it has become an alternative source of income and food for native people because its grains are eaten mature or not. The research work was conducted in a net-house at the Horticulture Sector of Campus "Profa. Cinobelina Elvas", Federal University of Piaui, in Bom Jesus county, Piaui State, Brazil aiming to verify the effect of seed position and depth of sowing on seedling emergence and vigor of P. lunatus L. seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds each, and treatments were three seed positions of sowing (HB, HL and HC ) and five depths (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm). The percentage of emergence, emergence first count, emergence speed index, length and dry mass of seedlings were recorded. The P. lunatus seeds should be sown with the hilum facing up (HC) at a depth of 3.3 cm.